Scientists believe that dystonia stems from faulty signals in the nervous system, which result in involuntary muscle contractions. However, the neurological mechanisms responsible for this abnormal muscle activity remain largely unclear.

Dystonia can manifest in two forms: primary or secondary. Primary dystonia, also known as isolated dystonia, lacks any identifiable cause. Isolated cervical dystonia, which typically affects adults, may be genetically inherited.

In contrast, secondary dystonias arise due to specific structural or metabolic causes and are often accompanied by other neurological symptoms. Physical trauma and drug reactions are also causes of acquired cervical dystonia.

Botulinum toxin is the preferred treatment for most individuals suffering from cervical dystonia. This method involves injecting the toxin into the overactive neck muscles that cause abnormal posture or tremors. Reducing these muscles’ overactivity, involuntary muscle contractions that cause pain, twisting and turning of the neck.

Before administering the injections, your neurologist may use electromyography (EMG) to record your muscle activity. The use of ultrasound and EMG considerably decreases the likelihood of side effects during this treatment. Controlled studies have demonstrated that botulinum toxin injections are a safe and effective treatment for cervical dystonia for over 20 years.

Ideal candidates for botulinum toxin treatment are those who have recurrent involuntary contraction of one or more neck muscles, head tremors, neck pain and abnormal head posture.

Patients who prefer not to take regular medications or have medication side effects.

The use of botulinum toxin (Botox, Dysport, and Xeomin) is subsidized by PBS for patients with cervical dystonia, either as a standalone treatment or as a supplementary therapy to standard care.